Laws
Land: Land could not be owned by any class other than Samurai or farmers. Samurai had to sell their land to other Samurai. If they could not find another buyer they had to have permission from their fellows to sell it to peasants (and there were usually conditions for that permission to be given as the sale could affect the local taxes). In addition Samurai could not own lands that would interfere with their official duties. Eta and Hinin could, in theory, own land, but it was land restricted to the use of their own kind. I.e. land no one else wanted. Eta and Hinin were not allowed to farm rice. Even the farmers who produced all of the rice crop rareyl got ot eat rice, and had to subsist on millet or other grains.
Sumptuary Laws: Sumptuary laws regulate consumption of goods, making it easier to identify what social caste you came from and to reinforce discrimination. They reached unparalleled heights under the Shogunate. Castes had laws regulating what they could eat, wear, possess, how they could wear their hair, tattoos, where they could live, who they could associate with, and sometimes how they could be paid and what they were paid with. In some cases it was such micro management that it decided how many children a poorer family could afford before they had to sell or give away the excess. Ostentatious behavior or display of wealth was forbidden to all the classes (though not so much for the Samurai). Many of these laws were virtually unenforceable and were punished less often than the authorities simply convinced people to follow them through threats.
Content and expression of ideas were heavily regulated. At times current events, unorthodox theories, rumors, scandals, erotica, gossip about government officials, or anything directly related to the Tokugawa rulers or the Imperial Family being worthy of punishment. Sometimes an artist would be fined half or even all of his net worth as an example to others.
Expenditures and clothing were heavily regulated by status. Dressing or spending above ones station carried serious punishment. On the flip side of this coin there were mandatory expenditures demanded by caste etiquette which could bankrupt low paid Samurai (or force them to turn to merchants or gamblers for loans) who couldn't live according to the expectations of their station.
Trade and Travel: Once the Shogunate took power Japan became a closed land. Citizens could not leave Japan, and if they somehow did succeed in escaping they were forbidden on pain of death from returning. Foreign ideas and religions were heavily persecuted. Villagers could not move from their lands without permission as it could disrupt the flow of tribute the government was based upon. Eta were restricted to their own lands. Hinin who weren't criminals could reside with the Eta or in heavily restricted quarters within the towns (obviously this did not apply to physicians and priests). Daimyo and Samurai were required to maintain two residences: one in their lands and one at the Bakufu Shogunate, and they were mandated to divide their time between these residences.
Legal Rights: Individuals had virtually no legal rights in Tokugawa Japan. The head of the family was legally responsible for his family, as the head of a village was legally responsible for his village, etc. Among the lower classes a crime committed by one could be punishable to all. If a villager murdered a villager he might be executed or banished. If that same villager murdered a Samurai he would most definitely be executed, and his family and/or village would face some punishment as well. If he attempted an attack on the Emperor or Shogun he and his immediate family would likely face death, and his extended family (clan) could lose their inherited name and titles.
Marriage and Divorce: Marriage among the nobility focused on the brides dowry. A poor Daimyo or Samurai's daughters might never marry someone of their stations as their family could not afford the minimum dowry required. Divorce was rare as it meant having to repay the brides family her dowry, which meant borrowing money. If the husband wished to remarry he therefore had to find a bride with a dowry sufficient to pat off the debt from the previous marriage unless his new wife was willing to accept being in debt. Also, marriages and divorces required the permission of ones superiors given the positions of those involved. This ensured strong alliances, and hopefully a minimum of trouble. Commoners had much less restriction. For peasants a man could simply hand his wife a letter of divorce, and if she accepted it she moved out to her family and they were no longer man and wife. Or he could simply accuse her of adultery. While men were allowed to stray, if a woman was convicted of adultery divorce was immediate. Women who remarried without a letter of divorce had their heads shaved and were forcibly returned to their parents houses. Men who remarried without a receipt for their letter of divorce could, in theory, be banished. And while adultery for men was tolerated, angry wives could obtain legal documents that were 'advance divorce letters'. In it the husband agreed that if he strayed again his wife was automatically granted a divorce. Sometimes families insisted on these letters being drawn up in advance before the marriage.
In most cases divorce and remarriage was simpler than in modern society so long as the nobility wasn't involved. In principle a man could freely divorce his wife without her family or anyone else objections so long as he could make the following requirements: Return the wife's dowry and all goods in her name, along with all money and real estate in the wife's name. If he could not do this, he could not arbitrarily seek divorce unless he could pay a fine for any items destroyed, damaged, or missing. Wives seeking a divorce might have to renounce their claim on their dowry, however. If there was no dowry, then the party seeking divorce must pay some sort of fine.
Weapons: Once introduced, firearms and gunpowder were strictly for the Samurai and Ashigaru (indeed virtually all weapons were restricted to the Samurai class). They were considered cowardly by the Samurai, who had pistols or rifles as hunting items or showpieces, but never for combat. The lowly Ashigaru, however, had massive groups of riflemen before the weapons were banned as they were seen as altering warfare to the detriment of the Samurai class.
Lower classes who assisted in warfare or police work received some training, but their weapons were issued by the Samurai only for the duration of their assigned work, and then promptly returned to the Samurai. The Ryukyuan peoples and Ainu were asked (forced) to disarm almost completely. Buddhist temples had their own armies and weaponry, and often clashed with the Samurai over efforts to lessen their military power. Eventually some very powerful merchants or other individuals were granted the right to carry a single sword, but only the Samurai ever had the right to carry both a Katana and Wakizashi.
Unarmed fighting techniques were popular with lower classes who could carry no other weapons than tools (i.e. knives, hunting bows, and on rare occasion short swords of low quality). Originally they were allowed weapons, but after decades of bloody warfare, each Shogun who conquered territory declared a sword hunt in which all weapons were confiscated to prevent revolts. By the time of Tokugawa no obvious weapons were left (which doesn't rule out hidden weapons or former tools modified for self-defense). Most self defense laws related to the Samurai class who were not only given the widest latitude, but were even required to be able to defend themselves at all times. Thus was born an interest in hidden or disguised weaponry to enable them to do so. These weapons spread quickly, and soon enough laws banning weaponry were difficult to enforce other than by adding a charge of possession when the accused criminal was caught using one.
Samurai serving in Edo or as police were required to bring criminals in alive and were restricted in the weapons they could use while carrying out this duty. Because of religious concerns, Samurai serving the Emperor were required to use weapons that were used to disarm and capture as they could not spill blood on the palace grounds. All Samurai were allowed to kill a member of a class lower than themselves who compromised their honor. This right to self-defense was called Kiri-sute Gomen, and had to be done immediately after the insult (in other words you couldn't kill someone later for an offense it had to be done immediately). Once you had struck the victim with your sword, a coup de grace was forbidden. Due to the rather arbitrary nature of this the offender is allowed to defend himself with a Wakizashi ( a weapon he has no idea how to use unless he is a lower ranked Samurai). The attacking Samurai must produce a witness in court to defend his right to use Kiri-Sute Gomen, especially in provinces foreign to his own. If he is found to kill indiscriminately he may be beheaded without right to commit seppuku, and his house abolished, meaning his sons could not succeed him. Many contrived to commit seppuku before this could happen. A frowned upon use of this self-defense right is Tsujigiri, in which a Samurai wishes to test a new weapon, skill, or blade. He goes to the crossroads late at night and simply murders a passerby with no witnesses. It becomes banned in the Edo period when it's use gets far too out of hand. Tsujigiri attacks by Kabukimono and drunken Samurai who no longer had war as an excuse to kill were implicated in causing the formation of the Yakuza and other criminal enterprises as the commoners and townsfolk needed to defend themselves.
Taxes: Only the No caste can be taxed, and they are taxed in the form of rice harvests, which are used to pay the Daimyo and Samurai. The Shogunate can also exact levies upon the Daimyo to fund the central government, and to weaken them to prevent quarrels and warfare. Forfeiture of assets is also a common criminal penalty, especially for craftsmen and merchants.