I think something similar does exist in D&D, in the form of templates. Sometimes a creature shows up that's just better than average - it has damage reduction, spell resistance, darkvision, some elemental resistances, and can Smite Good. In other words, it's a Fiendish monster.
But I don't think this is exactly what you meant. You seem to be looking for something where you can just have a few pre-generated "kits" with a certain combination of feats and class levels, that can turn any monster into a certain archetype.
Ferocious creature
Prerequisites: base creature must have at least 4 Hit Dice
Feats: Power Attack, Leap Attack, optional: Improved Bull Rush, Shock Trooper, Combat Brute
Classes: WhirlPounce Wolf Totem Barbarian 2
Tactics: A Ferocious creature activates its Rage as soon as possible, giving it +4 Str, +2 AC and Reflex saves, and an extra attack (all attacks have a -2 penalty). It then makes a Leap Attack at the closest target, allowing it to make a full attack via Pounce. It uses its Improved Trip feat to knock people down and gain a free attack whenever possible. Ferocious synergizes best with monsters that have +1 BAB per Hit Dice and/or high Str scores. Bonus points for being Large or larger sized and for lots of natural attacks.
Stalking creature
Prerequisites: base creature must have at least 6 Hit Dice
Feats: Darkstalker, Craven, Shadow Blade or Weapon Finesse
Classes: Swordsage 2 (Maneuvers should be drawn primarily from the Tiger Claw and Shadow Hand schools, one of the stances should be Assassin's Stance
Tactics: A Stalking creature often acts alone, either as a solo encounter or a scout for its allies. It sneaks up on the party and tries to set up Sneak Attack whenever possible. Stalking synergizes best with creatures that already have some form of Sneak Attack, have high Hide and Move Silently modifiers, and/or some form of invisibility.
Edit: thought of another one
Brutish creature
Prerequisites: Size Large or Larger
Feats: Power Attack, Improved Bull rush, Knockback
Classes: optional DungeonCrasher Fighter 2 - 6
Tactics: Brutish creatures smash things. They smash doors, objects, party members... everything. Whenever a Brutish creature hits with a Power Attack (which they use every round), they always use their Knockback feat to Bull Rush the target farther away or into walls or objects or whatever. If using the DungeonCrasher levels, Bullrushing in this manner causes extra damage. Brutish synergizes well with big, strong enemies and little corridors.